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Measures all cholesterol in your blood.

High total cholesterol increases heart disease and stroke risk.

Low-density lipoprotein — the 'bad' cholesterol that builds up in arteries.

The primary driver of atherosclerosis (plaque buildup). Lower is better.

High-density lipoprotein — the 'good' cholesterol that removes excess cholesterol.

Higher HDL protects against heart disease by carrying cholesterol to the liver for disposal.

A type of fat in your blood used for energy.

High levels increase heart disease risk and can cause pancreatitis.

Measures low levels of inflammation in the body, especially in blood vessels.

Even low-grade inflammation dramatically increases heart attack risk. The best predictor of cardiovascular events.

An amino acid linked to artery damage when elevated.

High homocysteine damages blood vessel walls and increases clot risk — independent of cholesterol.

A genetic variant of LDL — 90% determined by genes, not lifestyle.

High Lp(a) is the #1 inherited cardiovascular risk factor. One test tells you your genetic risk.

Counts the number of atherogenic particles in your blood.

More accurate than LDL alone — counts ALL harmful particles, including small dense LDL.

Carcinoembryonic antigen — marker for colorectal and other cancers.

Rising CEA can indicate colorectal cancer recurrence or progression. Baseline screening for adults 45+.

Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 — marker for pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers.

The most useful marker for pancreatic cancer. Also elevated in bile duct and stomach cancers.

Alpha-fetoprotein — marker for liver cancer and germ cell tumors.

Critical for liver cancer surveillance in high-risk individuals (hepatitis B/C, cirrhosis).

Cancer antigen 125 — primary marker for ovarian cancer.

The best available blood test for ovarian cancer. Important for women with family history or BRCA mutations.

Prostate-specific antigen — screening test for prostate cancer.

Still the most widely used prostate cancer screening tool. Discuss with your doctor about screening age.

Cancer antigen 15-3 — used to monitor breast cancer treatment.

Tracks treatment response and detects recurrence in breast cancer patients.

Blood sugar level after 8+ hours without food.

The simplest test for diabetes and prediabetes. Repeated readings >126 = diabetes.

Average blood sugar over the past 2-3 months.

The gold standard for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring. More stable than daily glucose checks.

Insulin level after fasting — measures how hard your pancreas is working.

High fasting insulin = insulin resistance, the root cause of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Measures how much insulin your body is producing.

Distinguishes type 1 (low C-peptide) from type 2 (high C-peptide) diabetes.

Average blood sugar over 2-3 weeks (shorter window than HbA1c).

Useful when HbA1c is unreliable (anemia, pregnancy) or for rapid treatment adjustments.

The master control hormone for thyroid function.

The primary screening test for thyroid disorders. High = underactive, low = overactive.

The active form of thyroid hormone that enters cells.

Low free T3 causes fatigue, weight gain, depression even when TSH is 'normal'.

The storage form of thyroid hormone converted to active T3 in tissues.

Low free T4 indicates primary hypothyroidism. Important with TSH for complete picture.

An inactive form of T3 that increases under stress, illness, or calorie restriction.

High reverse T3 blocks active T3. Explains 'normal TSH but still symptomatic' thyroid issues.

Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase — marker for autoimmune thyroid disease.

Positive = Hashimoto's thyroiditis. 1 in 8 women will develop this. Early detection prevents damage.

Antibodies against thyroglobulin — another autoimmune thyroid marker.

Combined with TPO antibodies, gives complete picture of autoimmune thyroid risk.

The primary form of estrogen in women of reproductive age.

Low = menopause/PCOS symptoms. High = estrogen dominance, fibroids, cancer risk.

Hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle.

Low progesterone causes PMS, irregular periods, and infertility. The 'calming' hormone.

Hormone that stimulates egg development and ovulation.

High FSH = declining ovarian reserve (perimenopause). Low = hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Hormone that triggers ovulation and supports corpus luteum.

LH/FSH ratio >2 suggests PCOS. The 'ovulation trigger' hormone.

Testosterone in women — important for energy, libido, and muscle mass.

Low = fatigue, low libido, bone loss. High = PCOS, insulin resistance.

The most abundant circulating steroid hormone — precursor to testosterone and estrogen.

The 'anti-aging' hormone. Low = adrenal fatigue, aging. High = PCOS, adrenal tumors.

Protein that binds to sex hormones, controlling their availability.

High SHBG = less free testosterone/estrogen. Low = more free hormones, PCOS risk.

The body's primary stress hormone, highest in the morning.

Low = adrenal fatigue, chronic stress burnout. High = Cushing's, chronic anxiety.

The primary male sex hormone — critical for energy, muscle, mood, and libido.

Levels decline 1% per year after 30. Low = fatigue, low libido, depression, muscle loss.

The unbound, active form of testosterone available to tissues.

More meaningful than total testosterone. High SHBG can mask low free T even with normal total.

Estrogen in men — important for bone health, brain function, and libido.

High estradiol in men = gynecomastia, low libido, prostate issues. Low = bone loss, depression.

The sunshine vitamin — critical for bones, immune system, and mood.

Deficiency affects 42% of Americans. Linked to depression, weak immunity, osteoporosis, autoimmune disease.

Essential for nerve function, red blood cells, and DNA synthesis.

Deficiency causes fatigue, brain fog, nerve damage. Common in vegans and people over 50.

Critical for DNA synthesis, cell division, and pregnancy.

Low folate = anemia, neural tube defects in pregnancy, elevated homocysteine.

Total iron in the bloodstream.

Low = iron deficiency anemia (very common in women). High = hemochromatosis.

The body's iron storage protein — best single test for iron status.

Low = iron deficiency even before anemia. High = iron overload or inflammation.

Intracellular magnesium — more accurate than serum for true magnesium status.

Deficiency affects 50%+ of Americans. Causes anxiety, muscle cramps, insomnia, heart palpitations.

Critical for immune function, wound healing, testosterone production, and taste/smell.

Deficiency weakens immunity, slows wound healing, reduces testosterone, causes hair loss.

Essential trace mineral for thyroid function and antioxidant defense.

Critical for thyroid hormone conversion (T4→T3). Low = thyroid dysfunction, weakened immunity.

Percentage of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA+DHA) in red blood cell membranes.

The most accurate measure of omega-3 status. >8% = heart-protective. Most Americans are 3-4%.

How quickly red blood cells settle — a general marker of inflammation.

Non-specific but useful for monitoring inflammatory diseases and infections over time.

A pro-inflammatory cytokine — key driver of chronic inflammation.

Elevated in chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease, and severe infections. Predicts CVD risk.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha — master regulator of inflammation.

High TNF-alpha = chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease, metabolic dysfunction.

Antinuclear antibodies — screening test for autoimmune diseases.

Positive = possible autoimmune disease (lupus, Sjogren's, scleroderma). Needs follow-up testing.

Antibody associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Elevated in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune conditions. Used with anti-CCP for diagnosis.

Alanine aminotransferase — enzyme released when liver cells are damaged.

The most specific liver enzyme. Elevated = liver damage from alcohol, medications, fatty liver, hepatitis.

Aspartate aminotransferase — found in liver, heart, and muscles.

Elevated in liver disease, heart attacks, and muscle damage. ALT/AST ratio helps differentiate causes.

Gamma-glutamyl transferase — sensitive marker for bile duct problems and alcohol use.

Most sensitive liver enzyme. Elevated with alcohol use, bile duct obstruction, fatty liver.

Waste product filtered by kidneys — measures kidney function.

High BUN = kidney dysfunction, dehydration, high protein intake. Low = liver disease, malnutrition.

Waste product from muscle metabolism — primary measure of kidney function.

The gold standard for kidney function assessment. Rising creatinine = declining kidney function.

Calculated estimate of kidney filtering capacity.

The best overall measure of kidney function. <60 for 3+ months = chronic kidney disease.

The main protein made by the liver — marker of liver function and nutrition.

Low albumin = liver disease, malnutrition, kidney disease (protein leaking), chronic inflammation.

Full blood cell analysis: RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, differential.

Screens for anemia, infection, bleeding disorders, blood cancers. The most commonly ordered blood test.

Total white blood cells — the immune system's soldiers.

High = infection, inflammation, leukemia. Low = immunosuppression, bone marrow issues.

Mutation analysis for BRCA1 — hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome.

BRCA1 mutation = up to 72% lifetime breast cancer risk, 44% ovarian cancer risk. Game-changing knowledge.

Mutation analysis for BRCA2 — hereditary cancer syndrome.

BRCA2 mutation = up to 69% breast cancer risk, 17% ovarian, 5-10% pancreatic. Affects men too.

APOE e4 variant — the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's.

One e4 allele = 3x Alzheimer's risk. Two e4 alleles = 12-15x risk. Enables early prevention strategies.

MTHFR C677T variant — affects folate metabolism and homocysteine levels.

C677T variant = poor folate processing, elevated homocysteine, increased CVD and neural tube defect risk.

MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM — genes for Lynch syndrome (hereditary colorectal cancer).

Lynch syndrome = up to 80% lifetime colorectal cancer risk. The most common hereditary CRC syndrome.

Detects HIV-1/2 antibodies and p24 antigen — can detect infection as early as 2-3 weeks.

Early detection is critical for treatment and preventing transmission. Recommended for all adults at least once.

HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc — determines hepatitis B infection status and immunity.

400 million people worldwide have chronic hepatitis B. Undetected = liver cancer risk. Vaccine-preventable.

Screens for hepatitis C exposure — recommended for all adults (CDC 2020 guidelines).

Hepatitis C is curable but often silent for decades. One-time screening recommended for all adults 18-79.

Rapid plasma reagin test for syphilis screening.

Syphilis rates have increased 80% since 2018. Early detection prevents serious complications.

Physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis of urine.

Screens for kidney disease, diabetes, urinary tract infections, and dehydration.

Measures immunity to rubella (German measles).

Critical for women planning pregnancy — non-immune women should get vaccinated before conceiving.

Enzyme found in liver, bones, and other tissues.

Elevated = bile duct obstruction, bone disorders, liver disease. Important for liver and bone health.

Yellow pigment from red blood cell breakdown — processed by the liver.

High = jaundice, liver disease, hemolysis, Gilbert's syndrome. The cause of yellow skin/eyes.

Total protein in blood — albumin + globulins.

Low = malnutrition, liver disease, kidney disease. High = dehydration, multiple myeloma.

Total triiodothyronine — both bound and free T3.

Useful when TSH and free T4 are normal but symptoms persist. Comprehensive thyroid assessment.

Total thyroxine — the main thyroid hormone produced by the gland.

Standard thyroid screening along with TSH. Low = hypothyroidism, high = hyperthyroidism.